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I want to know what is in my drinking water, in the air or in the soil

Anyone may inspect environmental information held by an authority, without giving a reason. Many measurement results are already published. On drinking water, the water supplier must inform at least once a year. A company does not have to give you information, but the authority that supervises it often has the data. Access at federal bodies is generally free of charge. If a federal body does not answer or refuses, you can request free mediation within 20 days. For the canton and municipality, cantonal law applies.

Reviewed by a lawyer on 30 September 2026Official sources

Watch out

If a federal body asks you to describe your application more precisely, you must reply within 10 days. As a precaution, count from the day you received the query. If you do not reply in time, the application is deemed withdrawn. The authority must point out this consequence to you. Different rules can apply in the canton.

VBGÖ · Art. 7

If you received no reply, a refusal, or an incomplete reply from a federal body, you can request mediation from the Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner (FDPIC). The time limit is 20 days. It begins on receipt of the reply. If you received no reply, it begins when the authority's time limit for replying has expired, that is, generally 20 days after your application was received, or later if it was extended. The request must be in writing. No reasons are needed. Enclose your application and the authority's reply. The procedure is free of charge. Be sure to keep to the time limit.

BGÖ · Art. 13BGÖ · Art. 12BGÖ · Art. 17

If you do not agree with the FDPIC's recommendation, you can ask the authority for a ruling, that is, a decision you can challenge. You have 10 days from receipt of the recommendation to do this. If the authority departs from the recommendation, it must issue a ruling of its own accord. It has 20 days to do so. In this ruling it must state exactly which exception it is applying, how it weighed the interests, and why at least part cannot be made accessible. You can challenge the ruling before the Federal Administrative Court under the general rules. The time limit for this is given in the instructions on legal remedies in the ruling.

BGÖ · Art. 15BGE 142 II 324, E. 3.6BGÖ · Art. 16

What to do

  1. Here is how to ask: address your application to the authority that created the document or received it as the main addressee. You do not need a particular form, and you do not have to explain why you are asking. It is best to write an email or a letter so that you can prove the date. Describe as precisely as possible what you are looking for: the place, the facility or the body of water, the period, and the type of information, for example "all measurement reports on PFAS in the groundwater of municipality X since 2023". If you do not know the exact title, a clear description is enough.

    BGÖ · Art. 10VBGÖ · Art. 7

  2. The FDPIC first tries to find an agreement between you and the authority. If this succeeds, the procedure is over. If not, it issues a written recommendation within 30 days on whether, and to what extent, you should be given access.

    BGÖ · Art. 13BGÖ · Art. 14

The law

Environmental information is all information about the state of water, air, soil, landscape and biodiversity. This also includes information about what burdens the environment, for example substances, noise or radiation, and about the effects on human health. Measurement results on what a facility releases into the air also count as such. The Federal Supreme Court has decided this for the exhaust-air readings of a nuclear power plant.

Aarhus-Konvention · Art. 2BGE 144 II 91, E. 2.4.6

The Confederation and the cantons must inform the public on their own initiative about the state of the environment and of waters. The results of their measurements are published, where possible as freely usable data. The authorities may publish the inspection results for individual facilities if this is of general interest and those affected have first been heard. The environmental agencies and the water protection agencies also advise private individuals. So check first on the website of the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) and of your canton. Many measurement results on groundwater, rivers, air and the pollutants of large businesses are already public there.

USG · Art. 10eGSchG · Art. 50

Anyone who supplies drinking water through a pipe network must give the customers comprehensive information about the quality of the water at least once a year. This is usually your municipality's water supplier. The duty does not apply to the pipes inside a building. Your landlord therefore does not have to provide you with a water analysis under this provision. Ask the water supplier directly. Drinking water must be impeccable and must not endanger health. It must meet the maximum values in the annexes to the Drinking Water Ordinance. Whether, and which, maximum value applies to a substance, for example PFAS or pesticide residues, is set out in these annexes. The values can change; they were last adjusted in June 2026. What counts is the version currently in force, not a proposal reported in the media. Transitional periods apply for some substances: water with lead between 5 and 10 micrograms per litre, for example, may still be supplied under the previous rules until the end of January 2036. Enforcement is a cantonal matter. Every canton has a cantonal chemist for this, usually with a cantonal laboratory.

TBDV · Art. 5TBDV · Art. 3TBDV · Art. 16aLMG · Art. 47LMG · Art. 49

Anyone may inspect environmental information contained in official documents and request information about its content from the authority. You do not have to be affected, and you do not have to give a reason. Official documents are records held by an authority that concern its task, for example measurement reports, expert opinions, permits or inspection reports. Drafts that are not yet finished do not count. At a federal office, the Federal Act on Freedom of Information applies. You can view the documents on site or request a copy.

USG · Art. 10gBGÖ · Art. 6BGÖ · Art. 5VBGÖ · Art. 7

If a canton or municipality holds the information, the law of your canton applies. Your canton can have its own act for this, with its own time limits, fees and bodies that mediate in disputes. If a canton has not yet regulated this, the federal rules apply by analogy. This also applies to a water supplier owned by, or commissioned by, the municipality. The federal time limits and bodies named in this guide do not automatically apply in the canton. Check your canton's website under "principle of public access" (Öffentlichkeitsprinzip) or ask the cantonal chancellery.

USG · Art. 10g

A company does not, in principle, have to give you information. The route runs through the authority. Businesses must supply authorities with the information needed to enforce environmental law, for example measurements or registers on air pollutants, waste and substances. What the authority has received in this way is part of its official documents. So ask the authority that licenses or supervises the business, often the cantonal environmental agency. An authority may not simply refuse access because it has left data it is entitled to hold with the business. An exception applies to private individuals who are themselves entrusted with an enforcement task: for them, the right of access applies directly.

USG · Art. 46BGÖ · Art. 5USG · Art. 10gBGE 144 II 91, E. 2.4.6

A company often objects that the information is a business secret. The law does genuinely protect business and manufacturing secrets. But according to the Federal Supreme Court, what a facility emits in pollutants is not, in principle, such a secret. A merely generally alleged harm to the company is not enough. Before an authority discloses information that could affect the privacy of an affected person or company, it hears them. Those affected then have 10 days to comment. The procedure can therefore take longer. If the authority wants to grant access against the company's wishes, the company too can request mediation at the FDPIC.

BGÖ · Art. 7BGE 144 II 91, E. 3.1BGÖ · Art. 11BGÖ · Art. 12BGÖ · Art. 13

A federal body must answer as quickly as possible, at the latest 20 days after your application is received. For extensive documents, or ones that are difficult to obtain, it can exceptionally extend the time limit by 20 days. If it first has to hear third parties, the time limit is extended for as long as necessary. It must inform you of an extension and give brief reasons. If it refuses or restricts access, it must do so in writing and with brief reasons.

BGÖ · Art. 12

The authority must, in principle, grant access. If it wants to withhold a document, it must show that a statutory exception applies, for example a business secret or the protection of privacy. A merely conceivable risk is not enough for this. The threatened harm must be significant and probable. Partial access is often possible: the authority must black out personal data where possible and check whether it can at least disclose part, instead of refusing the whole document.

BGE 142 II 324, E. 3.4BGÖ · Art. 7BGÖ · Art. 9BGE 142 II 324, E. 3.6

The right of access gives you information, but not a right to have an authority do something. Anyone who calls on an authority to take action against a company does not thereby become a party to proceedings. There is no such thing in environmental law as an action open to every person on behalf of the general public. You can have a say chiefly if you yourself are especially affected, for example as a direct neighbour of a facility. Otherwise these routes remain: a report to the responsible authority, a criminal complaint in the case of an offence, taking part in public deposit procedures within the time limit, or a tip-off to an environmental organisation recognised by the Confederation as entitled to appeal. These organisations are listed in the annex to a federal ordinance.

BGE 139 II 279, E. 2.3BGE 146 I 145, E. 5.5VBO · Art. 1

Costs

Access to official documents of the Confederation is generally free of charge. A fee is possible only exceptionally, if processing requires more than 8 hours of work, and then only for the time beyond that. The authority must announce the fee to you beforehand. You then have 10 days to confirm your application. Otherwise it is deemed withdrawn. You can also narrow your application to avoid costs. Mediation at the FDPIC and proceedings for a ruling are never chargeable. A fee can be charged for printed reports. Court proceedings can incur costs. The cantons have their own fee rules.

BGÖ · Art. 17VBGÖ · Art. 14VBGÖ · Art. 16BGÖ · Art. 16

Advice

Get personal advice if a lot of documents, or sensitive ones, are involved, if an authority refuses access despite a recommendation from the FDPIC, or if you want to challenge a ruling in court. This also applies if you want to act against a project because of a burden: short time limits often run there, and it depends on whether you yourself are especially affected. A lawyer experienced in environmental or administrative law can assess your situation.

Help

Free help is available here: - The FDPIC's website explains how to make an application to a federal body, and offers a model template. Mediation is free of charge. - The water supplier or the municipality gives information about the quality of your drinking water. - The cantonal environmental agency and the cantonal laboratory advise on measurement results in your area. - The environmental organisations recognised as entitled to appeal can be alerted to a problem. - In an acute case, for example pollution of a body of water, call the police (117) or the fire brigade (118) immediately.

Scope

How to obtain environmental information: what authorities publish on their own initiative, information about drinking water, the right to inspect official documents held by the Confederation, cantons and municipalities, information about companies and facilities, time limits, mediation at the FDPIC, and costs.

Not covered: Disputes between neighbours, for example over heat pumps, hedges or barbecue smoke. Challenging a construction project, reports of environmental offences, and cantonal procedures in detail. Personal data about yourself, which is covered by data protection law.

Sources

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